Ohm's law and DC power solver
Solve a DC voltage, current, resistance, and power relationship from two known quantities, then check resistor dissipation.
Circuits and PassivesAll engines
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178 browser-local tools, organized by engineering decision rather than keyword variants.
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Circuits and Passives21 enginesSolve a DC voltage, current, resistance, and power relationship from two known quantities, then check resistor dissipation.Analog and Op-Amps23 enginesCombine input-referred offset, bias, and common-mode contributions into output-referred RSS and worst-case error totals.Semiconductors19 enginesEstimate diode forward current, voltage, and loss from a source, series resistance, and stated ideal, constant-drop, or Shockley model.Power Electronics20 enginesCalculate first-pass CCM duty, inductance, ripple current, peak current, and operating boundary for an ideal buck converter.Filters and Signals20 enginesEvaluate a first-order pole and optional zero at a selected frequency with exact magnitude and phase.PCB and Transmission Lines22 enginesEstimate outer-layer single-ended microstrip impedance from trace width, dielectric height, and relative permittivity.RF and Antennas21 enginesConvert return loss into reflection coefficient magnitude, VSWR, reflected power, and mismatch loss for a stated incident power.Embedded, Digital, and Interfaces12 enginesCalculate the feasible I2C pullup-resistance interval from supply voltage, low-level sink limits, bus capacitance, and rise-time limit.Measurement and Noise9 enginesEstimate probe loading from source resistance, probe input resistance and capacitance, and the frequency being observed.Thermal, Components, and Reliability11 enginesEstimate steady-state semiconductor junction temperature from power, a stated reference temperature, thermal metric, and optional limit.
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178 of 178 engines
Voltage-divider designer
Calculate loaded and unloaded voltage-divider output, current, output resistance, and resistor power from an input voltage and resistor pair.
Circuits and PassivesRC time-constant designer
Calculate an RC time constant, capacitor voltage, resistor current, and five-time-constant settling reference for charge or discharge.
Circuits and PassivesComplete op-amp error budget
Combine input-referred offset, bias, and common-mode contributions into output-referred RSS and worst-case error totals.
Analog and Op-AmpsDiode operating-point estimator
Estimate diode forward current, voltage, and loss from a source, series resistance, and stated ideal, constant-drop, or Shockley model.
SemiconductorsMOSFET total-loss and temperature estimate
Estimate MOSFET conduction and switching loss, identify the dominant term, and form a first-pass junction-temperature estimate.
SemiconductorsBuck converter design workspace
Calculate first-pass CCM duty, inductance, ripple current, peak current, and operating boundary for an ideal buck converter.
Power ElectronicsBode magnitude and phase explorer
Evaluate a first-order pole and optional zero at a selected frequency with exact magnitude and phase.
Filters and SignalsMicrostrip impedance estimator
Estimate outer-layer single-ended microstrip impedance from trace width, dielectric height, and relative permittivity.
PCB and Transmission LinesReturn-path discontinuity checker
Screen a PCB signal path for reference changes, gaps, available stitching, and fast-edge return-path risks.
PCB and Transmission LinesReflection coefficient, return loss, VSWR, and mismatch loss
Convert return loss into reflection coefficient magnitude, VSWR, reflected power, and mismatch loss for a stated incident power.
RF and AntennasI2C pullup resistor designer
Calculate the feasible I2C pullup-resistance interval from supply voltage, low-level sink limits, bus capacitance, and rise-time limit.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesOscilloscope probe loading
Estimate probe loading from source resistance, probe input resistance and capacitance, and the frequency being observed.
Measurement and NoiseJunction-temperature estimator
Estimate steady-state semiconductor junction temperature from power, a stated reference temperature, thermal metric, and optional limit.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityTolerance stack and Monte Carlo explorer
Compare nominal, worst-case, independent RSS, and deterministic local Monte Carlo outcomes for a two-term sum.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilitySeries and parallel resistor network
Find the equivalent resistance of a two-resistor series or parallel network using stated nominal values.
Circuits and PassivesThevenin equivalent
Reduce an ideal voltage divider to its Thevenin voltage, resistance, Norton current, and optional loaded output.
Circuits and PassivesPreferred resistor value selector
Choose the nearest E12 or E24 resistor value and see the adjacent available nominal values.
Circuits and PassivesResistor power and voltage rating
Calculate nominal resistor dissipation and a margin-adjusted minimum rating from applied voltage and resistance.
Circuits and PassivesSeries and parallel capacitor network
Find two-capacitor series or parallel capacitance, stored energy, and ideal series voltage split.
Circuits and PassivesHold-up capacitor designer
Estimate ideal hold-up capacitance for a constant-current load between a starting and minimum voltage.
Circuits and PassivesCapacitor discharge and bleeder designer
Calculate an ideal bleeder resistance and initial stress for a capacitor to discharge between two voltages in a stated time.
Circuits and PassivesComplex impedance and reactance
Calculate series RLC reactance, complex impedance magnitude, and phase at one stated sinusoidal frequency.
Circuits and PassivesRLC resonance, damping, and Q
Calculate ideal series-RLC resonant frequency, quality factor, bandwidth, and damping ratio.
Circuits and PassivesLow-voltage wire drop and loss
Calculate loop resistance, voltage drop, and copper loss from conductor area, loop length, current, and resistivity.
Circuits and PassivesDMM loading-error estimator
Estimate the resistive loading error when a digital multimeter measures a Thevenin source.
Measurement and NoiseJohnson noise calculator
Calculate ideal resistor thermal-noise voltage density, integrated RMS noise, and available kTB noise power.
Measurement and NoiseHeatsink thermal-resistance planner
Find the maximum heatsink-to-ambient thermal resistance for a target junction temperature and stated thermal path.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityComponent derating planner
Express a stated component stress as rating utilization and arithmetic margin before policy and transient adjustments.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityTransient thermal impedance
Estimate junction rise for one pulse from power, a stated transient thermal impedance, and reference temperature.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityWheatstone bridge output
Calculate ideal Wheatstone-bridge differential output, midpoint voltages, and common-mode voltage.
Circuits and PassivesResistor pulse-load screen
Calculate rectangular-pulse resistor energy, peak power, average power, and duty cycle.
Circuits and PassivesDecoupling transient estimator
Estimate ideal local capacitance for a current step, duration, and allowed capacitive voltage droop.
Circuits and PassivesInductor current-ramp estimator
Calculate ideal inductor current change and final current from constant voltage, inductance, time, and initial current.
Circuits and PassivesInductor network
Calculate ideal two-inductor series or parallel equivalent inductance for uncoupled components.
Circuits and PassivesAC power and power factor
Calculate apparent, real, and reactive AC power with power factor from RMS voltage, current, and phase angle.
Circuits and PassivesMaximum power-transfer calculator
Find matched load resistance, maximum load power, load voltage, and efficiency for an ideal resistive Thevenin source.
Circuits and PassivesStar-delta conversion
Convert an ideal three-resistor delta network to its equivalent star-arm resistances.
Circuits and PassivesShot-noise calculator
Calculate ideal shot-noise current density and RMS current from DC current and equivalent noise bandwidth.
Measurement and NoiseIntegrated noise calculator
Integrate a flat voltage-noise density across an ideal equivalent noise bandwidth.
Measurement and NoiseMeasurement uncertainty budget
Compare RSS standard uncertainty and worst-case sum for three stated uncertainty contributions.
Measurement and NoiseCurrent-sense shunt designer
Calculate nominal shunt resistance and dissipation from maximum current and allowed burden voltage.
Measurement and NoiseAveraging-noise estimator
Estimate RMS white-noise reduction from averaging a stated number of independent samples.
Measurement and NoiseWaveform levels and crest factor
Convert ideal sine or square-wave RMS voltage to peak, peak-to-peak, and crest factor.
Measurement and NoiseCapacitor ripple-heating screen
Calculate first-pass capacitor ESR heating from RMS ripple current and stated ESR.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityElectrolytic capacitor life estimator
Scale a capacitor rated-life condition using a stated two-times-per-10-degree temperature rule as a comparative estimate.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityCeramic capacitor DC-bias derating
Estimate a first-pass minimum ceramic-capacitor value from entered nominal capacitance, DC-bias retention, and tolerance.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityInductor saturation and ripple-current screen
Compare triangular-wave peak and RMS inductor current with entered saturation, thermal-current, and DCR conditions.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityFIT, MTBF, and reliability converter
Convert a stated constant FIT rate into MTBF, mission survival, and expected population failures under an exponential model.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityArrhenius acceleration factor
Estimate comparative temperature acceleration and equivalent use exposure from Celsius temperatures, activation energy, and stress time.
Thermal, Components, and ReliabilityNon-inverting op-amp designer
Calculate ideal non-inverting op-amp closed-loop gain and output voltage from resistor values and input.
Analog and Op-AmpsInverting op-amp designer
Calculate ideal inverting op-amp signal gain, noise gain, and output voltage from resistor values and input.
Analog and Op-AmpsSumming amplifier designer
Calculate an ideal two-input inverting summing-amplifier output and per-input weighting.
Analog and Op-AmpsDifference amplifier designer
Calculate ideal four-resistor difference-amplifier output from a matched ratio and two input voltages.
Analog and Op-AmpsInstrumentation amplifier gain and range
Calculate instrumentation-amplifier gain and output from a device gain constant, gain resistor, and differential input.
Analog and Op-AmpsOp-amp integrator designer
Calculate ideal Miller-integrator output change from resistance, capacitance, input voltage, and duration.
Analog and Op-AmpsOp-amp differentiator designer
Calculate ideal differentiator output from resistance, capacitance, and input signal slope.
Analog and Op-AmpsTransimpedance amplifier designer
Calculate ideal transimpedance-amplifier output voltage from input current, feedback resistance, and reference voltage.
Analog and Op-AmpsCharge amplifier designer
Calculate ideal charge-amplifier output step and decay time constant from input charge and feedback network.
Analog and Op-AmpsComparator threshold designer
Calculate a nominal comparator reference threshold from a supply-fed resistor divider.
Analog and Op-AmpsComparator hysteresis and Schmitt trigger
Calculate upper and lower Schmitt-trigger switching thresholds from a center voltage and feedback fraction.
Analog and Op-AmpsWindow comparator
Classify whether an input voltage falls below, inside, or above a stated two-threshold window.
Analog and Op-AmpsOp-amp common-mode and output-swing checker
Compare a proposed input common-mode and output range against entered guaranteed device limits.
Analog and Op-AmpsOp-amp dynamic-performance planner
Estimate closed-loop bandwidth and required slew rate from gain-bandwidth product, noise gain, and a target sine signal.
Analog and Op-AmpsOp-amp stability and capacitive-load screening
Estimate the first-order output isolation corner from an isolation resistor and load capacitance.
Analog and Op-AmpsADC driver settling planner
Calculate the required RC time constants and estimated settle time for an ADC acquisition to a stated error budget.
Analog and Op-AmpsPrecision rectifier designer
Calculate ideal unity-gain precision half-wave rectifier output for a selected passing polarity.
Analog and Op-AmpsPeak detector and hold-time designer
Estimate peak-detector droop from hold capacitance, total leakage current, and hold time.
Analog and Op-AmpsAnalog level-shift and bias designer
Solve the ideal gain and offset needed to map a source voltage span into a target voltage span.
Analog and Op-AmpsConstant-current op-amp source
Calculate output current and sense-resistor dissipation for an op-amp-controlled current source or sink.
Analog and Op-AmpsRelaxation oscillator designer
Calculate ideal Schmitt-trigger RC relaxation-oscillator frequency from resistance, capacitance, and threshold fractions.
Analog and Op-AmpsWien-bridge oscillator designer
Calculate ideal Wien-bridge equal-arm oscillation frequency and the required sustaining loop gain.
Analog and Op-AmpsRC low-pass and high-pass filter
Calculate ideal first-order RC filter cutoff frequency and magnitude response at a stated frequency.
Filters and SignalsRL low-pass and high-pass filter
Calculate ideal first-order RL filter cutoff frequency and magnitude response from total series resistance and inductance.
Filters and SignalsPassive RLC filter designer
Calculate ideal series-RLC resonant frequency, Q, and bandwidth for a passive filter stage.
Filters and SignalsSallen-Key low-pass designer
Calculate ideal equal-component Sallen-Key low-pass natural frequency and the Q set by the non-inverting gain.
Filters and SignalsMultiple-feedback filter designer
Check the ideal normalized second-order low-pass magnitude and phase checkpoint at the natural frequency for a target Q.
Filters and SignalsState-variable filter designer
Check the ideal unity-normalized low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass magnitude checkpoint at the natural frequency.
Filters and SignalsButterworth filter order estimator
Calculate the minimum Butterworth filter order from passband and stopband frequency and attenuation requirements.
Filters and SignalsTwin-T notch filter designer
Calculate the ideal balanced twin-T notch frequency from resistance and capacitance.
Filters and SignalsDecibel and ratio converter
Convert a linear amplitude or power ratio to decibels using the correct 20 log10 or 10 log10 relationship.
Filters and SignalsRise-time and bandwidth relation
Estimate signal rise time from bandwidth and combine two cascaded rise times by root-sum-square.
Filters and SignalsFFT bin and record-length planner
Calculate FFT bin spacing, record duration, and Nyquist frequency from sample rate and record length.
Filters and SignalsSampling and aliasing explorer
Find the apparent aliased frequency of a tone sampled below the Nyquist criterion.
Filters and SignalsCoherent sampling planner
Find the coherent test-tone frequency for a chosen FFT bin, sample rate, and record length, and check the coprime condition.
Filters and SignalsConverter dynamic-metrics converter
Convert an ideal full-scale sine-wave SINAD measurement to effective number of bits.
Filters and SignalsADC quantization-noise estimator
Calculate ideal LSB size, quantization noise RMS, and full-scale sine SNR for a given ADC resolution and span.
Filters and SignalsClock-jitter SNR limit
Estimate the ideal sine-wave SNR ceiling set by total RMS aperture jitter at a stated input frequency.
Filters and SignalsDAC settling and update-rate planner
Calculate required first-order settling time constants and compare estimated settle time with the update period.
Filters and SignalsPWM reconstruction filter planner
Estimate first-order low-pass carrier attenuation for a PWM reconstruction filter at the switching frequency.
Filters and SignalsMechanical switch debounce timing
Calculate ideal RC debounce time constant and the fraction of final value reached at a stated elapsed time.
Filters and SignalsRectifier diode selector
Calculate rectifier diode conduction loss from forward current and entered forward voltage.
SemiconductorsZener shunt regulator designer
Calculate zener current and power for a resistor-fed shunt regulator at one supply and load corner.
SemiconductorsTVS diode screening
Estimate instantaneous TVS current and power from a resistive source and one entered clamp-voltage point.
SemiconductorsLED resistor designer
Calculate the series resistor value and dissipation for a single LED at a target current.
SemiconductorsSeries LED string designer
Calculate the series resistor needed for a multi-LED string at a target current and check voltage headroom.
SemiconductorsBJT base-resistor switch designer
Calculate ideal base resistance and base current for a BJT switch driven at a conservative forced beta.
SemiconductorsBJT voltage-divider bias designer
Calculate a first-pass Thevenin divider (Rtop, Rbottom) for a common-emitter BJT DC operating point.
SemiconductorsBJT common-emitter gain estimator
Estimate ideal common-emitter midband voltage gain and small-signal parameters from bias current and collector resistance.
SemiconductorsBJT emitter follower designer
Calculate the ideal DC emitter voltage of a BJT emitter follower from base voltage and base-emitter drop.
SemiconductorsMOSFET gate-drive planner
Calculate average gate current, ideal gate-drive power, and charge time from total gate charge and switching frequency.
SemiconductorsMOSFET safe-operating-area screen
Compare an operating current and voltage point against one entered safe-operating-area curve point.
SemiconductorsMOSFET parallel-current sharing
Estimate static current sharing between two parallel MOSFETs from their on-resistance values.
SemiconductorsMOSFET avalanche-energy screen
Calculate unclamped inductive-switching energy from inductance and interrupted current.
SemiconductorsMOSFET body-diode and dead-time loss
Estimate average MOSFET body-diode conduction loss during the switching dead-time interval each cycle.
SemiconductorsIGBT loss estimator
Combine IGBT conduction and switching loss from Vce(sat), duty cycle, per-cycle switching energy, and frequency.
SemiconductorsJFET self-bias designer
Calculate JFET drain current from Idss, pinch-off voltage, and gate-source voltage using Shockley's square-law model.
SemiconductorsOptocoupler CTR resistor designer
Calculate LED drive current and supported output current from a supply, series resistor, and entered CTR.
SemiconductorsBoost converter design workspace
Calculate ideal CCM boost converter duty cycle, average input current, and required inductance.
Power ElectronicsInverting buck-boost designer
Calculate ideal CCM inverting buck-boost duty cycle from input voltage and output magnitude.
Power ElectronicsNon-inverting buck-boost planner
Classify whether a non-inverting buck-boost converter operates in its boost, transition, or buck region at a given input voltage.
Power ElectronicsFlyback first-pass stress estimator
Estimate ideal reflected voltage and switch off-state voltage from input voltage, output voltage, and turns ratio.
Power ElectronicsLDO power and thermal planner
Calculate linear regulator dissipation and ideal load efficiency from input voltage, output voltage, and current.
Power ElectronicsSwitching versus linear regulator comparison
Compare ideal steady-state power loss between a linear regulator and a switching regulator at the same operating point.
Power ElectronicsConverter efficiency and loss budget
Check that named component losses balance against total input/output power loss for one converter load point.
Power ElectronicsDC power-tree budget
Sum three DC rail loads and calculate the source power required at a stated aggregate conversion efficiency.
Power ElectronicsBattery runtime estimator
Estimate battery runtime from capacity, voltage, reserve fraction, conversion efficiency, and a constant load.
Power ElectronicsBattery series-parallel pack planner
Determine the minimum integer series-parallel cell arrangement meeting a target pack voltage and capacity.
Power ElectronicsSupercapacitor energy and runtime planner
Calculate usable supercapacitor energy and estimated runtime for a constant-power discharge between two voltages.
Power ElectronicsInrush-current and precharge designer
Calculate the ideal precharge resistance and stored capacitor energy for a limited-current input capacitor charge.
Power ElectronicsHot-swap MOSFET stress planner
Calculate ideal startup charge time and stored energy for a current-limited hot-swap controller charging load capacitance.
Power ElectronicsReverse-polarity protection comparison
Compare steady-state conduction loss between a diode-based and a MOSFET-based reverse-polarity protection path.
Power ElectronicsIdeal-diode ORing planner
Calculate voltage drop and output voltage for one ideal-diode ORing conduction path carrying a stated current.
Power ElectronicsPower multiplexer priority planner
State the transfer and recovery voltage thresholds for a power multiplexer given a falling threshold and hysteresis.
Power ElectronicsCharge-pump voltage and ripple estimator
Estimate ideal no-load charge-pump output voltage and a simplified I/(fC) ripple term.
Power ElectronicsConstant-current LED driver planner
Calculate the current-sense resistor value and dissipation for a constant-current LED driver at its controller threshold.
Power ElectronicsPower-sequencing timing planner
Calculate a rail dependency's nominal enable time and check its worst-case margin against a required minimum separation.
Power ElectronicsDigital logic-level compatibility
Calculate high and low noise margins between a driver's guaranteed output levels and a receiver's input thresholds.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesMOSFET bidirectional level shifter
Check whether an N-channel MOSFET bidirectional level shifter's threshold voltage leaves margin at the lower of two supplies.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesSPI timing-margin analyzer
Calculate simplified full-cycle SPI setup margin from clock period, output delay, flight time, setup requirement, and skew.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesUART baud-rate error
Calculate actual UART baud rate and percentage error from clock frequency, oversampling, and divider register value.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesCAN bus termination planner
Calculate the ideal DC equivalent load of two parallel CAN bus end terminations.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesRS-485 bias and termination designer
Calculate idle bias current and termination voltage for a series RS-485 failsafe bias and termination network.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesGPIO current-budget planner
Calculate total GPIO group current and arithmetic margin against a stated group current limit.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesADC input-scaling network
Calculate the ideal resistive divider ratio and top resistor to map a source voltage range into an ADC input range.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesPWM frequency and resolution planner
Calculate ideal edge-aligned PWM frequency, duty steps, and effective duty resolution from timer clock, prescaler, and counter top.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesReset RC timing planner
Calculate ideal RC reset-node time constant and the fraction of final value reached at a stated elapsed time.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesPullup and pulldown resistor designer
Calculate the maximum pull resistor value allowed by worst-case leakage current and a maximum tolerated logic-node voltage rise.
Embedded, Digital, and InterfacesPCB trace resistance and voltage drop
Calculate DC trace resistance, voltage drop, and I squared R loss from copper trace geometry and current.
PCB and Transmission LinesPCB trace current and temperature-rise screening
Interpolate conductor temperature rise between two entered reference points from an authoritative trace-current dataset.
PCB and Transmission LinesStripline impedance estimator
Estimate symmetric stripline single-ended impedance from plane distances, trace width, thickness, and dielectric constant.
PCB and Transmission LinesDifferential microstrip impedance
Estimate differential microstrip impedance from single-ended impedance and the spacing-to-height ratio.
PCB and Transmission LinesDifferential stripline impedance
Estimate embedded differential stripline pair impedance from single-ended impedance and the spacing-to-height ratio.
PCB and Transmission LinesDifferential-pair skew planner
Convert a routing timing-skew budget into an allowable length mismatch using one propagation-delay value.
PCB and Transmission LinesPCB via resistance and drop
Estimate plated via barrel DC resistance from finished hole diameter, plating thickness, and via length.
PCB and Transmission LinesPCB via inductance estimator
Estimate via loop inductance from via length, radius, and distance to the modeled return path.
PCB and Transmission LinesPower-plane capacitance
Calculate ideal parallel-plate capacitance for a power-ground plane pair from area, separation, and dielectric constant.
PCB and Transmission LinesPDN target-impedance planner
Calculate a flat power-distribution-network target impedance from allowed voltage ripple and a load current step.
PCB and Transmission LinesDecoupling loop-inductance impact
Calculate the inductive transient voltage term from connection loop inductance and current slew rate.
PCB and Transmission LinesPCB crosstalk estimator
Estimate a relative near/far-end coupling index from trace spacing and parallel-run length.
PCB and Transmission LinesSource-termination designer
Calculate a first-pass series source-termination resistor from line impedance and driver output resistance.
PCB and Transmission LinesParallel and Thevenin termination designer
Calculate the ideal load reflection coefficient and driver DC current for a shunt end termination.
PCB and Transmission LinesStub resonance and length limit
Calculate stub one-way delay and quarter-wave resonant frequency from propagation velocity and stub length.
PCB and Transmission LinesControlled-impedance tolerance explorer
Estimate a controlled-impedance trace's minimum and maximum value from entered per-parameter manufacturing tolerance sensitivities.
PCB and Transmission LinesAnnular-ring and drill tolerance checker
Calculate nominal and minimum annular ring from pad diameter, finished hole diameter, and registration allowance.
PCB and Transmission LinesSolder-mask sliver and expansion planner
Calculate the remaining solder-mask web between two facing pads after entered mask expansion on each side.
PCB and Transmission LinesPCB thermal-via planner
Estimate ideal parallel thermal conductance of a plated thermal-via array from geometry and copper thermal conductivity.
PCB and Transmission LinesConnector and contact voltage-drop budget
Calculate voltage drop and power dissipation for one entered total connector and contact path resistance.
PCB and Transmission LinesFrequency, wavelength, and electrical length
Calculate wavelength, propagation delay, and the physical length for a target electrical angle in a stated medium.
RF and AntennasRF link-budget workspace
Calculate free-space path loss and received power from transmit power, antenna gains, distance, and frequency.
RF and AntennasAntenna gain and effective aperture
Convert antenna gain in dBi and operating frequency into an equivalent effective aperture area.
RF and AntennasDipole length estimator
Estimate a starting half-wave dipole total length and per-arm length from frequency and a shortening factor.
RF and AntennasMicrostrip patch starting-dimension estimator
Estimate starting microstrip patch width, effective permittivity, and resonant length from frequency, dielectric constant, and substrate height.
RF and AntennasSmall loop antenna estimator
Classify a loop antenna as electrically small and estimate its ideal radiation resistance from circumference and frequency.
RF and AntennasSingle-stub matching designer
Solve single-stub matching susceptance and stub position for a real normalized load impedance.
RF and AntennasL-network impedance matching
Calculate the loaded Q of a basic two-element L-network matching two real resistances.
RF and AntennasPi and T matching network designer
Decompose a Pi matching network into two L-sections through a chosen virtual resistance and source-side Q.
RF and AntennasSmith chart plotting tool
Map a normalized impedance (or a matched, short, or open preset) to its reflection coefficient.
RF and AntennasCoaxial cable impedance
Estimate coaxial cable characteristic impedance from outer and inner conductor diameters and dielectric constant.
RF and AntennasRF unit and level converter
Convert RF power in dBm to RMS and peak voltage at a stated real reference impedance.
RF and AntennasCascaded gain and noise figure
Apply the Friis formula to combine two-stage linear gain and noise figures into a total cascaded noise figure.
RF and AntennasCascaded IP3 and compression planner
Combine two cascaded stages' third-order intercept points into an input-referred cascaded IIP3.
RF and AntennasRF attenuator pad designer
Calculate matched symmetric T-pad resistor values for a target attenuation and reference impedance.
RF and AntennasDirectional coupler power interpretation
Convert a directional coupler's coupled-port reading and coupling factor into sampled main-line power.
RF and AntennasPLL frequency planner
Calculate PFD, VCO, and output frequency from a reference frequency and integer reference, feedback, and output dividers.
RF and AntennasDDS tuning-word calculator
Calculate a direct digital synthesizer tuning word and the actual quantized output frequency from clock frequency and accumulator width.
RF and AntennasCrystal load-capacitor selector
Calculate symmetric external load-capacitor values from a crystal's specified load capacitance and board stray capacitance.
RF and AntennasOscillator ppm and frequency-error budget
Combine initial tolerance, temperature, and aging ppm contributors into a worst-case oscillator error range and time error.
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